Functional Grammar & Parts of Speech

 Functional Grammar & Parts of Speech

What is a sentence?

A group of words which gives us a complete sense or meaning is called a sentence.

There are four kinds of a Sentence.

1.      Simple Sentence: It consists of only one independent clause.

Example: He plays cricket. She cooks food.

2.      Compound Sentences: It consists of at least two independent clauses.

Example: I am reading a book but my friend writing his homework.

3.      Complex Sentences: It consists of one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.

Example: This is the place where I used to play cricket.

4.      Complex Compound Sentences: It consists of at least two independent and one or more dependent clause.

Example: He called me and I replied when I was near his house.

Parts of a Sentence

1.      What is a subject?

Ans: The doer of a sentence is called subject. کام کرنے والا

(A word or thing about which something is being said.)

2.      What is an object?

Ans: That receives the action, the work is being done on it by subject. جس پر کام کیا جا ئے

3.      What is a verb?

Ans: The action of the sentence is called verb. کام، عمل، حرکت

4.      What is a predicate?

Ans: The word or the group of the words which say something about a subject is called predicate.

Example: He plays cricket. (He = subject) & (plays cricket = predicate)

Types of a Sentence

1.     Positive / Assertive / Declarative / Nominative Sentence مثبت فقرہ     

2.     Interrogative Sentence  سوا لیہ فقرہ  

3.     Imperative Sentence ا نشا ئیہ فقرہ

4.     Exclamatory Sentence ا ستعجا بیہ فقرہ

Parts of Speech

1.      Noun 2. Pronoun 3. Adjective 4. Verb 5. Adverb 6. Preposition 7. Article

8.  Conjunction  9.  Interjection

1.      Noun: Noun is the name of a person, place, thing or an idea.

Types of Noun

1.      Common Noun: Name of a common or a non-specific person, thing or a place.

Example: boy, girl, man, woman, city, garden, road, bus, chair etc.

2.      Proper Noun: The specific name of a person, place or thing.

Example: Ali, Ahmed, Lahore, Islamabad, Eden garden, Mall road etc.

3.      Material Noun: The name of a substance or a material from which other things are made. A thing which can be touched.

Example: Wood, Iron, Silver, Gold, Stone, Brick etc.

4.      Collective Noun: The name of a group or Collection of persons, places or things.

Example: Herd, Army, Flock, Class, Team, Staff, Crew etc.

5.      Abstract Noun: The name of an idea or quality. The things whom we cannot touch.

Example: Bravery, Honesty, Hate, Love, Anger, Courage, Fear etc.

2.      Pronoun: The word which is used in the place of a “Noun” is called Pronoun.

Types of Pronoun

1.      Personal Pronouns: (Subjective case) I, we, you, he, she, it, they, one.

Personal Pronouns: (Objective case) me, us, you, him, her, it, them, one.

2.      Possessive Pronouns: my, mine, our, ours, you, yours, his, her, hers, their, them.

3.      Reflexive / Intensive Pronouns: myself, ourselves, yourself, himself, herself, itself

4.      Relative Pronouns: who, which, whose, whom, that.

5.      Interrogative Pronouns: what, who, whom, which, whose

6.      Demonstrative Pronouns: This, That, These, Those, one, ones, none, such.

7.      Reciprocal Pronouns: each other, one another

8.      Distributive Pronouns: each, either, neither, everybody, everything

9.      Quantitative Pronouns: some, much, many, few, little

3.      Adjective: An adjective is a word which adds something to the meaning of a noun or pronoun.

Types of Adjective

1.      Proper Adjective: Pakistan Navy, Chinese food, English Language.

2.      Adjective of Quality: Brave, Sick, Black, Bold, Clever,

3.      Adjective of Quantity / Degree: much, enough, any,

4.      Adjective of Number: how many, all, few, more, some, stood first, two (numbers)

5.      Demonstrative Adjective: this, that, these, those, such etc,

6.      Interrogative Adjective: what, which, who, whom, whose

7.      Possessive Adjective: my, mine, our, ours, you, yours, his, her, hers, their, them.

8.      Degrees of Adjective: There are three degrees of adjective; (regular & irregular)

(Regular Adjectives)

Positive Degree:             Comparative Degree:           Superlative Degree:

Small                               Smaller                                    Smallest

Short                                Shorter                                    Shortest

Great                                Greater                                                Greatest

(Irregular Adjectives)

Good                                Better                                      Best

Bad                                  Worse                                      Worst

Much                               More                                        Most

Old                                  Older                                       Oldest

4.      Verb: A verb is a word which tells the state or action of a person or thing.

Three main Types of Verb

1.      Transitive Verb: It passes from the doer to something else.

Example: (i) He plays cricket. (ii) She reads a book. (iii) I am calling Ali.

2.      Intransitive Verb: It does not pass from the doer to something else.

Example: (i) The girl weeps. (iii) They slept. (iii) She died.

3.      Auxiliaries: It helps to form a tense. (we may call them helping verbs)

Example: is, am, are, was, were, been, has, have, had, do, does, did etc.

Forms of Verb

1.      Infinitive: The basic form of a verb mostly followed by “To”. To go, to come, to call.

2.      Present: The first form of verb is called present form. Go, Come, Call, See

3.      Past: The second form of verb is called past form. Went, came, called, saw

4.      Past Participle: The third form of verb is called Past Participle. Gone, seen, called.

5.      Present Participle: When we use “ing” with the first form of verb is called Present Participle. Going, coming, calling, seeing, watching etc.

6.      Gerund: When we use a verb with “ing” as a Noun of a sentence, this noun is called Gerund. Smoking is injurious to health. Seeing is believing. Going walk is good.

7.      Helping verb, Main verb, Linking Verb.

5.      Adverb: The word adds something to the meaning and performance of the verb is called adverb.

Example: move fast, come soon, often come, write neatly, do actively, call easily etc.

Types of Adverbs

1.      Adverb of Place: here, there, outside, inside, far, near etc.

2.      Adverb of Manner: loudly, slowly, correctly, fast, easily, carefully, beautifully etc.

3.      Adverb or Reason: hence, therefore, thus, so etc.

4.      Adverb of Time: now, tomorrow, yesterday, evening, morning, noon, night etc.

5.      Adverb of Frequency / Number: daily, never, always, seldom, monthly etc.

6.      Adverb of Degree: very, almost, enough, quite, fully, too etc.

7.      Adverb of Interrogative: what, which, who, why, how etc.

8.      Relative Adverb: who, which, whose, whom, that.

6.      Preposition: A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show the relation between person or thing. E.g. on, in, to, at, for, off, of, from, among, against etc.

7.      Article: There are only three articles in English language. These are used to make some special sense. “A” & “An” are indefinite article. “The” is a definite article.

8.      Conjunction: Conjunction is a word that connects words, phrases, clauses or sentences.

There are three types of conjunction

1.      Coordinating Conjunction: and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet.

2.      Subordinate Conjunction: although, because, it, before, after, while, since.

3.      Correlative Conjunction: either…or, neither…nor, both…and, whether…or.

9.      Interjection: It is a word or a sentence that shows the strong feelings and emotion.

Example:        (i) Hurrah! We won the match.

(ii) Alas! We lost the game.

(iii) Oh! I forget the keys.

Ø  What is a phrase?

Ans: A phrase is a part of sentence having meanings but not complete meanings.

Example: In the corner, in the class room, in the garden, on the table, near the college, etc.

Ø  What is a clause?

Ans: A clause is also a part of sentence having meanings but not complete meanings. But it has its own subject, object and verbs.

Example; this is the college, where we studied. It was the stadium, in which we won.